Essay - The Core or Impetus of Modernization Has Been Equated with...

The core or impetus of modernization has been equated with industrialization, which is divided into four stages or phases (Qinglian 1999). The first was the period when the United Kingdom attained industrialization through ***** accumulation of industrial capital; the utilization of financial capital to fuel industrialization by Germany and the United accounted f***** the second phase; the completion of industrialization in Japan and the former Soviet Union was ***** third phase; and the *****th ***** when newly industrializing countries or NICs made full use of the international division of lab*****, mainly with the US ***** *****, in accessing technology, equipment, market and capital. These NICs also learned from the experience of developing countries in system construction, hence reaching peak development levels.

China, on the o*****r h*****, has ***** trying ***** catch up ***** developed countries for over a century now (Qinglian 1999). Its ***** history is that long and dates back to the 1870s ***** it exerted first efforts. These efforts were renewed in the 1950s ***** the form of a industrialization process, based on the Soviet Union's industrialization model in ***** ***** phase. It prioritized the establishment ***** heavy industries until it participated in the work of industrialization as a latecomer in ***** fourth ***** by the early 80s. As it is, China national economy remains weak under ***** modernized system. A comparison between the economies of Germany and China w***** made in a project, "Rejuvenation of China- a Contingency Pl*****n for ***** Next 100 Years (La Roche as qtd in Qinglian), using the t*****o countries' physical *****set indicators. The study concluded that China's economy was "wrapped up in a th***** 'shell' ***** relatively modern science ***** industry" while remaining basically pre-industrialized and outdated. It noted that China's primary industry was still traditionally based ***** even its most advanced secondary industry could not be more than a "modul*****r assembly (Qinglian).

China today continues to confront major problems encountered at the beginning of the 20th century: overpopul*****ion, education, shrinking agriculture, social injustice, and government corruption (Qinglian 1999). ***** problems even became more difficult at ***** present, because they evolved from China's own *****. This system environment cre*****es a structural force, which dictates and directs the current trend of reform and the behavior of ***** ***** business enterprises. China's approach to *****ization used traditional Chinese learning in sett*****g this structure up and used Western learning only for practical purposes. The purpose of modernization is ***** enrich a nation and strengthen its military. China's economic re*****m path had a Marxist structure ***** Western technology as practical means, aimed largely at survival and economic *****, ***** discouraging innov*****ions in ideology ***** basic changes ***** ***** political system. For these reasons, China has been viewed as *****aining a ***** in modernization (*****).

Statistics showed ***** there were far fewer ********** among the major regions and societies in ***** world two to three centuries ago than today (Lucas and Sylla 2001). From that time to the *****, the gap in income average between the rich