Essay - Learning and Memory in the Field of Psychology, Theories on...

Learning and Memory

***** the field of psychology, theories on learning have been closely linked to either classical c*****ditioning or operant conditioning, the*****ies developed by Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner, respectively. Learning as determined by ***** ***** is posited to be part of associative learning, wherein an individual learns that two events are related or linked (at the most, even A causes *****t B) (Santrock, 2000:188). Th***** definition also operates in operant conditioning, wherein an individual ***** "consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of ***** behavior's occurrence" (195). Another school of thought about learning places cognitive development as playing a m*****jor role. In cognitive psychology, ***** occurs because of the presence ***** operation of "***** maps" within an *****. These 'cognitive maps' are defined as an "organism's mental representation of the structure ***** physical space" (208). This concept represents learning as a relationship between the mind of the individual and his or her ***** environment. ***** takes place in his or her interaction with ***** environment, and through the cognitive maps, s/he was able ***** retain these ***** and recall them as ***** of ***** or ***** learning.

This, in effect, l*****ks learning to memory. Memory is likened ***** the idea of ***** maps, or at least ***** way cognitive ***** oper*****e in the mind of the individual. ***** is described as processing information ***** encoding (getting ***** and memory), storage (*****ing information over time), and retrieval (taking information out of storage) (219). These processes that the ***** goes through to create and retain memory ***** highly related to the *****ories of learning enumerated earlier: cl*****sical conditioning posits that stimuli (a memory ***** an event) is needed to elicit a particular behavior from the individual; ***** conditioning described learning as the ***** in behavior of the person, ***** also to ***** ***** of an event ********** its consequences; and lastly, cognitive maps, which aptly describes how an individual learns through memories mapped ***** and ***** in his/her m*****d.

Works Cited

Santrock, J. 2000. Psychology.