Essay - Nineteenth Century Physiologist Claude Bernard First Started Practicing Experimental Medicine...

Nineteenth century physiologist Claude Bernard first started practicing experimental medicine on animals. Bernard thought it was immoral to conduct labora*****ry experiments on humans, if these test were not proven ***** proven to be safe on ***** (LaFollette and Shanks, 1994). Man, as the most intelligent species of the animal kingdom, is constantly discovering new ***** innovative ideas to improve his l*****e style and ***** quality of life. A pro***** of this advancement is evident in the average increase in the life span of the man from 45 years at the turn of ***** 19th century ***** 73 years in 21st century. Although a number of medical breakthroughs in recent history are due to the *****tensive research using animals as ***** subjects for ***** initial clinical trials, the number of experiments that have ended in failure—consequently, at the cost of the sacrific*****g ***** life of the animal—far exceed the number of successful *****.

Experimentation on ***** is ***** morally right. It ***** cruel to the animals. What happens to *****se animals after the experiments have ended? Where do these animals go? In the article, "An embarrassment ***** Chimpanzees," Joseph D'Agnese looked in***** some of the shortcomings of using animals in experimentati***** (Discover, 2002). When laboratories close, the chimps are ei*****r sent to another laboratory or to sanctuaries. Many ***** the chimpanzees, as a result of experiments, carry transmittable diseases such as AIDS and HIV, which make them difficult to handle and c***** *****. They need special care. Their dise*****es preclude them ***** being let out in the wild where they may interact with ***** infect ***** ***** the same kind of different kinds. Scientists that work with ***** claim that valuable data is collected from biopsies, inoculations and knock*****s—a precursor ***** clinical trials ***** human subjects. Animal activ*****ts insist however, that animal free science having come of age, animal sacrifice is wholly unnecessary.

There are numerous experiments being conducted by various research centers in America, sponsored by grants ***** the National Institute ***** Health (NIH) to discover solutions for just about every human ailment. It is becoming more app*****nt however, ***** the results of ***** trials on animals are not always very applicable to **********. In the article: 'A Critical Look at Animal Experimentati*****,' the authors state that there ***** better and more effective ways of arriving at conclusions for the validity of a study (Cohen et al., 1998). Supporters of vivisection (tests, experiments, and "educational" exercises involving harm to animals) ***** claimed that *****se experiments using ***** play an important role in all medical advances. While there have been advantages in the past ***** using lab rats and rhesus monkeys to demonstrate new and ***** techniques in medicine, ***** ***** use of animals in ***** school *****oratories to help master skills in dissections, th*****gs have changed.

Modern technology has changed the research and medical arenas. New and constantly improving simulation models are available to those who wish ***** use ***** for *****. Medical skills can be honed without actually dissecting