Essay - Noble Prize in Physics in 1956 Introduction: the Subject of...

Noble Prize in Physics in 1956

Introduction:

***** subject of physics is closely related to engineering and development ***** new technology. This is the basis for many developments in ***** world. It was recognized by Alfred Nobel as one of the important subjects and the Nobel Committee decided to reward with the Nobel *****.

Analysis:

***** w***** said in the order ***** ***** Nobel Committee that the ***** Prize in ***** in 1956 was awarded ***** "for their researches on semic*****ductors ***** their discovery of the transistor effect." (The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956) The later importance of transistors, over the last 50 years is well known and it can be clearly stated that the present development ***** communications essentially started with transistors. The prize ***** awarded at one-third of the prize each to William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Br*****ta*****. Of them, William Shockley was working at Semiconductor Laboratory ***** Beckman Instruments ***** Walter Brattain ***** working at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Shockley was born in United Kingdom in 1910, while Bardeen was born in 1908, and Brattain was born in 1902. All three of them are no longer there, having passed away in 1989, 1991 and 1987 in order. (The ***** Prize in Physics 1956)

It is ***** to f*****d out what the feelings of the awardees were regarding their great discovery. To find this *****, we shall first study some important passages from the speech given at the Nobel Prize function by William Shockley. One ***** ***** important points made by him was that ***** important segments of United States industry believed in the *****ory ***** research ***** a fundamental character is important from a practical aspect. He then pointed out that this was certainly true of Bell ***** ***** where two of ***** Nobel Laureates came. The important point ***** he made was ***** object to t***** classifica*****ion of Physics in terms ***** descriptions like "pure, applied, unrestricted, fundamental, basic, academic, industrial or practical." (Transistor tech*****logy evokes new physics) These descriptions according to him lead to a feeling th*****t some types of research are inferior, while other types are superior. At the same time, the discovery of anything ***** practical importance should be vie*****d is useful and no one can ********** ***** "long-range value of explorations into new ********** where a useful outcome c*****nnot be foreseen." (***** technology evokes new physics)

In his own life he had been asked many times whether the experiment that he ***** planned ***** pure or applied research. At ***** same time, f***** the research scientist it was probably more important to know whether the particular piece of research will provide some more useful and ********** knowledge about nature. According to his opinion, if any such knowledge was possible, then the particular research should be class*****ied as fundamental research and it did not matter whether the reasons for undertaking the research ***** purely personal motivation or with any ***** view. (Surface properties of semiconduct*****s)

However all research *****s are individuals