Essay - Pediatric Community Experience Theories of Childhood Development: Pediatric Community Experience...

pediatric community experience

***** of Childhood Development: Pediatric Community Experience

One of the first theorists of childhood development, Sigmund Freud, advanced a theory ***** ***** th*****t centered on the evolution of the child's sexual drive. During ***** infantile oral stage, the nursing child is supposed to enjoy sucking and take most of his or pleasure through the mouth. The child transitions into the anal stage with toilet training and the *****'s focus on retaining ***** expelling feces. The phallic stage is when ***** child's erogenous zone shifts to the genital region. The conflicts that arise during this period like the Oedipus and Electra complexes ***** ***** parents are eventually resolved ***** the latency *****, ***** ***** ***** drive is sublimated until puberty when the child enters ***** final, hopefully resolved genital stage (Stevenson, 1992).

Erik Erikson accepted the Freudian ********** ***** ***** sexuality, but believed ***** other non-sexual issues were equally important in childhood development. He theorized that the infant moved from stages of "Basic Trust vs. Mistrust," followed by conflicts ***** "Autonomy vs. Shame ***** Doubt," "Initiative vs. Guilt," Industry vs. Inferiority, "Identity vs. Role Confusion, "Intimacy vs. Isolation," Generativity vs. Stagnation," and finally ***** the stage of "Ego Integrity *****. Despair." Personality malformation was likely to occur if the ***** conflicts ***** not resolved, resulting in the child be*****g stuck in one of these stages (Davis & Clif*****n, 2007, p.1). Jean Piaget, in contrast believed that the ********** neurological capacity was the primary influence upon his or her ability to comprehend the world, as the child moved from the sensorimo*****r, to the preoperational, to ***** concrete operational stages, followed by the formal operational stage when the ***** could comprehend such concepts ***** 'here' and 'away,' and size, shape and mass ("Jean ********** Theory of Development,"2007). Lawrence Kohlberg based his ideas of moral development on Piaget's ***** theory, stating ***** children proceeded ***** the pre-conventional punishment-obedience and personal reward orientation, ***** the conventional good boy-nice girl orientation/law ***** order orientation, and finally to the mature social contract orientation/universal ethical principle orientation (Becker, Dorward, & Pasciak, 1996).

Unsurprisingly perhaps, popular media aimed at p*****nts, such as Child magazine, does not emphasize ***** sexual awareness, but rather the control that parents have over their child's intellectual and ***** development is. The inability of ***** ***** propel their children beyond the logical progression of ***** stressed ***** Piaget and Kohlberg, or the dangers ***** arrested development if conflicts are ***** ***** in Freud and Erickson are subsumed in advice on how ***** p*****nt can eng*****eer the child's social envir*****ment. In the article "Charm School for Tots," the magazine explains what it calls the new Etiquette Revolution for tots at New York's Plaza Hotel, which hosts a class the teaches children how to be respectful of others by offering advice on how to choose the right silverware.

Kohlberg would no doubt see the age group that apparently delights in the class as being in the 'nice/good' child stage or law ***** ***** conventional