Essay - Pettinger - Management Management as an Art, Science and Profession...

Pettinger - Management

Management as an Art, Science and Profession

Introduction

***** (2002) was correct in assuming that management is an art, science and profession. In fact, each of these elements are strongly linked to management as a whole. A manager ***** is successful utilizes ***** as a profession to excel personally; the same manger uses management as a science ***** promote the best interests of the organization ***** a whole; a manager must also however utilize management as an art to govern, lead ***** motivate the employees working in ***** *****.

When defining management, one ***** come eventually to realize that a relationship exists between management as an art, ***** and pr*****ession. The three ********** of management ***** inextricably intertwined. One can consider ***** from each different perspective or ***** management as a whole, which inc*****porates elements of art, science ***** a profession. Exactly how ***** functions in each of these domains is the topic of discussion below.

***** as a Science

***** *****n intellectual standpoint management may be perceived as a science (Lynn, 1996:2). It h***** *****en finitely defined, dissected and analyzed by a v*****riety of individuals over time. It is considered a discipline ***** can be grounded in reality, logic and sound principles, all ***** ***** are generally ***** ***** related to scientific theory.

***** is often approached as a science. Organizational managers and strategic analysts are consistently designing paradigms for effective management, and conducting analytical *****sessment of operations, productivity and ***** efficiency among other things (Cooper, Ijiri & Kozmetsky, 1993:74). The use of models in management is not uncommon practice, rather it is the norm. Models have been developed that define good management, ***** management, global management and organizational management. There ***** ***** that describe ***** to manage by objectives, by strategy and *****ly.

There are models that describe ***** *****ces that impact *****ment and the ***** of ***** management. There is organizational management and human resource management. Much like any *****, management has been broken down into so many comp*****nts it is ***** difficult to conceptualize firmly.

*****s a science m*****nagement has been dissected so that ***** underlying relationships ***** people and organizations can be discovered (as is the case w*****h Human Resource Management) (Gilley & Maycunich, 2000:3).

***** is ***** ***** an org*****izational, developmental and performance perspective as well where the distinguishing characteristics of traditional vs. ***** or perf*****mance organizations have *****en analyzed and elaborated on by numerous well meaning business researchers (*****, Bought***** & *****, 1999).

***** science of management involves figuring out what criteria are necessary for ***** to effectively lead, plan, organize, *****sess ***** function within the bounds of corporate America. Effective managers are those that have ***** ability to plan, organize, direct and monitor over time, and the science of managing involves figuring ***** exactly what it takes to accomplish ***** ***** these tasks successfully (Reh, 2004).

***** as Art

Art is often something that ***** considered abstract in nature, subject to individual whimsies and interpretations. Management for many is