Essay - Questions--enlightenment Question #1: in What Ways did the Early Modern...

QUESTIONS--ENLIGHTENMENT

***** #1: In what ways did the early modern kings increase *****ir power, and what relationship did they have to the commercial bourgeoisie in ********** countries?

***** France, such kings as Charles VII (1483-1498), Louis XII (1498-1515) and Francis I (1515-1547) increased their monarchical power through numerous military victories and territorial annexations. The seizure of English Glascony, Burgundy, Provence and Brittany by the French crown made it possible to reinforce ***** authority and streng*****n their alliances with outside nations ***** holdings. In England, Henry ***** (1485-1509) eliminated rival claimants ***** the throne and *****n devoted his energies to putting crown finances on a firm footing. Henry VIII (1509-1547) pursued ***** confident, expansionist policy of self-aggrandizement and demanded a cultural network dedicated to the production of an imperial image by seeking equality with Charles V and Francis I in France. The relationships between ********** kings ***** the commercial *****, being those with industrial interests, established capitalistic societies through ***** social/political connections with the monarchy which increased the wealth of the crown as well as that of ***** commercial marketers.

QUESTION #2: Why ***** ***** move in the direction of parliamentary government, while most countries on the cont*****ent embraced absolutism? Describe ***** main factors.

In England during the 17th century, the movement toward a ***** government was due to several fac*****rs—first, the government of England needed to be centralized following the upheavals of the Reformation, and second, a parliamentary ***** guaranteed an increase in financing due to the ability ***** the parliament ***** control taxes. As to religion, ***** realized that all groups must be brought *****gether which led to the Act of Tolerance in 1689, aimed specifically at the non-conforming Protestants. Yet in France, the power ***** absolutism was based on the King and ***** Catholic Church which together made it possible for all social, political and economic aspects to be control***** ***** the King.

QUESTION #3: What was ***** difference between the new scientific understanding of the universe and ***** medieval understanding of it?

During Medieval times, the universe was viewed as a very simple system ***** the earth as the center of ***** universe and the sun and ***** planets as revolving around the earth, ***** so-called Earth-Centered theory, ***** the stars and galaxies were seen as wandering entities ********** by God and His angelic hosts. But by the time ***** the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, the universe was ***** very differently, due ***** the discoveries of Galileo, Copernicus (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) and Kepler with is heliocentric *****ory of a sun-centered universe *****nd the movement of the ***** in elliptical orbits.

***** #4: Describe the major achievements ***** Copernicus, *****, *****, and Newton.

***** Copernicus publ*****hed On the Revolutions of ***** Celestial ***** which earned him his later reputation ***** provided the foundation of ***** astronomy. ***** discovery not only destroyed ***** belief that the sun revolved around the earth but also undermined the work of *****ologians who used religious arguments to prove the