Essay - A Survey of Algae Species Used in Artemia Culture the...

A Survey of Algae Species Used in Artemia Culture

***** history of aquaculture has a long history, dating back to the ancient Mayan, Chinese and Egyptian Cultures. However, the his*****ry of shrimp production has a more recent beginning in history. The first ***** were artificially spawned and reared by Fuginaga in Juapan in 1934.

In 1963 these techniques ***** ***** employed in the United States at the N*****ional Mar*****e Fiaheries Laboratory in Galveston, Texas (Stickney, 1986). Accord*****g to a 1997 report, aquaculture is the fastest growing sec*****r of agriculture (FAO, *****).

Often, natural bodies of salt water are stocked and cages installed to contain ***** species being cultured. Nets can be used as cages. This practice began in the 1970s and spread extensively in the1980s. This eventually led to intensive culture methods, which began to be improved upon and continue to ***** improved into today. Net cage culture is now being used in lakes, ditches and shallow sea water.

Prior to 1950 mariculture involved trapping baby fish and shrimps during high tides in ponds with gates built on mudflats. Many years of research have ***** to improved ***** more efficient systems. Now, most oyster, mussel, shrimp and seaweed culture ***** of semi-intensive type. ***** ***** been accomplished by artificial breeding of superior s*****ck. Artificial feed has ***** developed to maximize health and growth. ***** improvements have been made in the health and management of ***** ***** o*****r ***** ***** (FAO, 1999). This has been largely due to an increasingly larger demand. In 1997, approximately 50% of all mariculture is preformed ***** way of mudflat culture in which a building is built in a pond in a mudflat. ***** ***** used for artemia as well as fish (FAO, 1999).

From the 1980s to the 1990s the production of shrimp experienced rapid increases. During the ***** the industry experienced a decline in production. There were m*****ny reasons for the decline including lack of knowledge about farming techniques, poor farm management practices, degradation of environment/water quality through industrial pollution/discharge, and destructive forms of shrimp disease. C.G. Lundin of the World Bank addressed global shrimp disease and concluded that the *****tal disease-related losses would be approximately 540,000 metric tons, with a value of $3 billion dollars (AAM, 2001). This caused a significant problem and shrimp production has ***** struggling to meet world demand every year after that. This drop in supply heralded ***** necessity to develop more ***** culture and production *****.

***** addition to the above mentioned pressures, Shrimp farming is suffering from unprecedented environmental pressure to clean up its damaging methodology. Production increases in over the past ten years have been primarily ***** ***** *****creases in production area, rather than *****creased output per l***** area. Due to the demand to prevent further ***** impact any future expansion and productivity gains will result ***** improvements in nutrition and breeding programs (AAM, 2001). There are many advancements in breeding programs over the time-tested, yet somewhat unreliable phenotypic *****. New research ***** being conducted on